{"id":765,"date":"2018-01-03T06:36:19","date_gmt":"2018-01-03T06:36:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/?page_id=765"},"modified":"2021-10-07T08:08:25","modified_gmt":"2021-10-07T07:08:25","slug":"tom-xiv-2017-%e2%84%96-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/?page_id=765","title":{"rendered":"T. XIV (2017), \u2116 3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Strony-tytu\u0142owe-redakcyjne-i-spis-tresci.pdf\">Strony tytu\u0142owe, redakcyjne i spis tresci<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Obszar poradziecki 25 lat po upadku ZSRR:<br \/>\npolityka, ekonomia i bezpiecze\u0144stwo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>pod redakcj\u0105 Tomasza St\u0119pniewskiego<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Konrad \u015awider (Instytut Studi\u00f3w Politycznych, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Czynnik nomenklaturowy w dezintegracji Zwi\u0105zku Radzieckiego<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"art-main\">\n<div class=\"art-sheet clearfix\">\n<div class=\"art-layout-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"art-content-layout\">\n<div class=\"art-content-layout-row\">\n<div class=\"art-layout-cell art-content\">\n<article id=\"post-622\" class=\"art-post art-article post-622 page type-page status-publish hentry\">\n<div class=\"art-postcontent clearfix\">\n<p><strong>Nomenclature Factor in the Disintegration of the Soviet Union<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary: <\/strong>In December 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics broke up. Researchers of this problem classified factors that have led to the break-up of the USSR. As part of this group of researchers, I also attempted to classi\u00adfy the causes\/factors that fundamentally influenced the disintegration of the Soviet federation. There are several groups of such causes: ideological, politi\u00adcal, social, economic, nomenclature or national. Of course, their enumera\u00adtion is intended to sort out the matter of this complex process\/issue and to present it in the most transparent way. The classification of these causes, in principle, has merely a contractual character (ordering the description of this problem), because in reality the decisive factors for the collapse of the USSR interpenetrate and cross on many levels, creating the disintegration mecha\u00adnism. In this article, I would like to focus on the nomenclature factor, because it is maybe not unnoticed but undervalued. In the base of this assumptions is the thesis that the disintegration of the Soviet Union \u2013 at internal level \u2013 was a result of the nomenclature consensus, which can also be seen as a kind of social contract, although more \u2013 as the agreement between the various levels of the nomenclature elites. In this article will be presenting the various elements of the nomenclature factor of the colapse of the USSR, such as the attitude \u2013 and the evolution of the nomenclature\u2019s attitude to communist ideology and economy, national affairs, the organization of state power. It created regional nomenclature particularism that led to disintegra\u00adtion of the Soviet empire and the emergence of fifteen new states in its place \u2013 the former Soviet Union republics.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords: <\/strong>Soviet Union, disintegration, nomenclature, state power, com\u00admunism.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435: <\/strong>\u0412 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 1991 \u0433. \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u00ad\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b\/\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u00ad\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u00ad\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\/\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u00ad\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 (\u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 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\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u2013 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2013 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0446\u0435\u00ad\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0423 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u00ad\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u2013 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u2013 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u00ad\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2026 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u2013 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0418\u0445 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u00ad\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u00ad\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u2013 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a.<br \/>\n<strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: <\/strong>\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong> Konrad \u015awider, <em>Czynnik nomenklaturowy w dezintegracji Zwi\u0105zku Radzieckiego<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 7-28.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/01_Swider_Czynnik-nomenklaturowy_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">01_Swider_Czynnik nomenklaturowy_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Krzysztof Falkowski (Szko\u0142a G\u0142\u00f3wna Handlowa, Warszaw\u0430)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>25 lat transformacji gospodarczej na obszarze poradzieckim &#8211; osi\u0105gni\u0119cia, problemy i wyzwania<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>25 Years of Economic Transformation in the Post-Soviet Area \u2013 Achievements, Problems and Challenges<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary: <\/strong>This paper endeavours to assess the progress in implement\u00ading economic transformation processes made in the post-Soviet area, with a particular emphasis on the achievements hitherto, as well as on the main problems and challenges still faced. The occasion for such a more in-depth analysis is the recent 25<sup>th <\/sup>anniversary of the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of 15 independent states in its stead. In the paper, three theses are put forth: firstly, that, from the very beginning, the processes of economic transformation in that area, necessitated by the demise of the Soviet Union, differed widely in terms of transformation strategies adopted and the time of their formulation and implementation, as well as in the effectiveness of their execution, as clearly evidenced by the very different effects achieved; secondly, that, in fact, the current state of socio-economic development of post-Soviet states is not necessarily a direct consequence of the progress in economic transformation made by them; and thirdly, and finally, that, given the present socio-economic and political conditions, one should not expect that these transformation processes will be successfully completed and liber\u00adal free-market economies will be introduced in most post-Soviet states in the foreseeable future. On the contrary, what seems highly likely is that the so-called state capitalism developed in them after the dissolution of the USSR, which is a far cry from a market economy, will be further reinforced there.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords: <\/strong>economic transformation, market capitalism, state capitalism, post-Soviet area.<\/p>\n<p><strong>25 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435: <\/strong>\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f \u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. 25-\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 15-\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u00ad\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u00ad\u0449\u0435\u0435: 1) \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e 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\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445; 3) \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 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\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u00ad\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u00ad\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0442.\u043d. \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 (\u201estate capitalism\u201d), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439.<br \/>\n<strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: <\/strong>\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00ad\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krzysztof Falkowski,\u00a0<em>25 lat transformacji gospodarczej na obszarze poradzieckim &#8211; osi\u0105gni\u0119cia, problemy i wyzwania<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 29-60.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/02_Falkowski_25-lat-transformacji-gospodarczej_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">02_Falkowski_25 lat transformacji gospodarczej_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Agata W\u0142odkowska-Bagan (Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, Kielce)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Polityka Rosji na obszarze poradzieckim<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Russia\u2019s Policy Towards the Post-Soviet Space<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>: Since the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,\u00a0the post-Soviet space permanently remains the priority dimension of Russia\u2019s\u00a0foreign policy. In this text the post-Soviet space means group of states,\u00a0which were established after the disintegration of the USSR in December\u00a01991. Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are excluded from this group of countries,\u00a0because since the proclamation of their independence they have chosen\u00a0the path of integration with the Western structures of cooperation. They\u00a0do not participate in reintegration processes initiated by Russia such as:\u00a0the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Collective Security Treaty\u00a0Organization or the Eurasian Economic Union. The aim of the article is to\u00a0analyze the Russia\u2019s policy towards the post-Soviet space, named in state\u00a0documents concerning foreign and security policy as \u201cthe sphere of special\u00a0interests\u201d or \u201cthe near abroad\u201d. Undertaken analysis should provide the\u00a0answers to the following questions: Why Russia is so determined to keep\u00a0the post-Soviet space under control? What is the efficiency of Russia\u2019s policy<br \/>\ntowards \u201cthe near abroad\u201d? Where can we find continuity and change in Russia\u2019s\u00a0policy towards the post-Soviet states?<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords<\/strong>: Russia, the post-Soviet space, the post-Soviet states, foreign policy\u00a0of the Russian Federation, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the\u00a0Eurasian Economic Union.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong>: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420\u00a0\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.\u00a0\u041f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00a0\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 1991 \u0433.\u00a0\u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u042d\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u00a0\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u041d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0435-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a: \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 (\u0421\u041d\u0413), \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u041e\u0414\u041a\u0411) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 (\u0415\u0410\u042d\u0421). \u0426\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00a0\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 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\/>\n<strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\u00a0\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:\u00a0<\/strong>Agata W\u0142odkowska-Bagan,\u00a0<em>Polityka Rosji na obszarze poradzieckim<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 61-88.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/03_Bagan_Polityka-Rosji_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">03_Bagan_Polityka Rosji_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Tomasz St\u0119pniewski (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Paw\u0142a II, Lublin)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Wschodnie s\u0105siedztwo\u00a0Unii Europejskiej\u00a0w dobie kryzysu na Ukrainie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Eastern Neighborhood of the European Union\u00a0in Light of Crisis in Ukraine<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Abstract<\/strong>: The present paper constitutes a general overview of EU policies\u00a0(European Neighborhood Policy, Eastern Partnership) with regard to the\u00a0eastern neighborhood. Due to its geopolitical location (where East meets\u00a0West in particular, between the EU on the one hand, and the Eurasian Economic\u00a0Union on the other) and demographic potential, Ukraine plays a specific\u00a0role in the eastern neighborhood. The events of 2013\/2014 in Ukraine,\u00a0referred to as the Euromaidan, proved the determination of Ukrainian society\u00a0to evoke a change of the political situation of the country and to integrate\u00a0with the EU. Even though the EU\u2019s Eastern Partnership project does\u00a0not discuss membership prospects of eastern neighborhood countries, it\u00a0does emphasize the necessity to tighten relations with these and assist their<br \/>\nreforms. However, reforms in Ukraine and other Eastern European states are\u00a0unsatisfactory, stagnant, and even regressing.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords<\/strong>: European Union, European Neighbourhood Policy, Eastern Partnership,\u00a0Ukraine, Eastern Neighbourhood.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430\u00a0\u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong>: \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e).\u00a0\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0443\u00a0\u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u00a0\u2013 \u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u043c\u00a0\u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b) \u0438 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\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432.\u00a0\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445\u00a0\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c.<br \/>\n<strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>: \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00a0\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0Tomasz St\u0119pniewski, <em>Wschodnie s\u0105siedztwo\u00a0Unii Europejskiej\u00a0w dobie kryzysu na Ukrainie<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 89-106.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/04_Stepniewski_Wschodnie-sasiedztwo_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">04_Stepniewski_Wschodnie sasiedztwo_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Aleksandra Kuczy\u0144ska-Zonik (Instytut Europy \u015arodkowo-Wschodniej, Lublin)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Pa\u0144stwa ba\u0142tyckie: trzy modele rozwoju<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Baltic States: Three Development Models<\/strong><br \/>\nSummary: Undoubtedly the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian experiences\u00a0of \u201creturn to Europe\u201d are successful enough to promote the model to other\u00a0post-Soviet states. During 25 years of transformation they have rebuilt their\u00a0statehoods and national identities, they have promoted democratic values\u00a0and institutions as well as they have integrated ideologically, politically, economically\u00a0and socially with Europe. As a result of the EU and NATO accession\u00a0their national security and foreign policy interests were advanced and\u00a0put on the international table. On the other hand, little has been done to\u00a0increase triple cooperation so far. This is an example the common mentality\u00a0and the Baltic identity has not been formulated yet.\u00a0The aim of the article is to examine the implications of the collapse of the\u00a0Soviet Union for the Baltic states. The research addresses the situation of the\u00a0Baltic States influenced by the dynamics of domestic and international relations.\u00a0While from a European perspective it seems that the Baltic states\u00a0constitute a homogeneous political unit, there are several differences of\u00a0transformation experienced by the Baltic states. As a result it exemplifies different\u00a0directions, speeds and models of development in Lithuania, Latvia\u00a0and Estonia.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords<\/strong>: Baltic states, UE and NATO accession, Russia, integration, development,\u00a0national identity.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong>: \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u00bb \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b. \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u042d\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u00a0\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0446 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f 25-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00a0\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 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\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445,\u00a0\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u042d\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438.<br \/>\n<strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u042d\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0415\u0421, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0Aleksandra Kuczy\u0144ska-Zonik, <em>Pa\u0144stwa ba\u0142tyckie: trzy modele rozwoju<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 107-126.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/05_Zonik_Panstwa-baltyckie_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">05_Zonik_Panstwa baltyckie_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Krzysztof Fedorowicz (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Pozna\u0144)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Kaukaz Po\u0142udniowy po upadku ZSRR \u2013 pr\u00f3by transformacji i konflikty etniczne<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>South Caucasus After the Collapse of the USSR and the Attempted Transformation of Ethnic Conflicts<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>: The Author analyses proces of the formation of political regimes\u00a0in Southern Caucasus. He points to the pathological phenomena in the\u00a0functioning of power elites and political regimes of those states. The Author\u00a0analyses the influence of conflict in Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and\u00a0South Ossetia on the domestic and foreign policy of Armenia, Azerbaijan\u00a0and Georgia. He proves that the described conflict for many years dominated\u00a0in the political life of this country and was a basis of the ideology and\u00a0the programs of elites struggling for power. In the struggle of the elites, the\u00a0military elites played the main role, while being an important path to advancement\u00a0to the peaks of power. The author tries to explain the influence\u00a0of the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia question on political transformation\u00a0of the states in conflict. Another important thread of the analysis is\u00a0to search answers to the question, how tradition, culture, psychology, life\u00a0styles and political interests of elites in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia affect\u00a0the course and the effects of a peacemaking process aimed solving the\u00a0Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords<\/strong>: South Caucasus, transformation, ethnic conflicts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u00a0\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u044b<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong>: \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 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\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432.<br \/>\n<strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>: \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d, \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krzysztof Fedorowicz, <em>Kaukaz Po\u0142udniowy po upadku ZSRR &#8211; pr\u00f3by transformacji i konflikty etniczne<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 127-154.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/06_Fedorowicz_Kaukaz-Poludniowy-po-upadku-ZSRR_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">06_Fedorowicz_Kaukaz Poludniowy po upadku ZSRR_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Krzysztof Koz\u0142owski, prof. SGH (Szko\u0142a G\u0142\u00f3wna Handlowa, Warszawa)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Stabilno\u015b\u0107 i zmiana w polityce pa\u0144stw poradzieckiej Azji Centralnej<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Continuity and Change in Post-Soviet Central Asia Politics<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the post-Soviet Central\u00a0Asia went through a tremendous economic and political transformation.\u00a0However, since then, despite sometimes very dynamic developments, like\u00a0the civil war in Tajikistan or two revolutions in Kyrgyzstan, the region seems\u00a0to be surprisingly stable. Commonly described as an authoritarian club of\u00a0post-Soviet regimes, it became an arena of struggles between United States,\u00a0Russian Federation and Peoples\u2019 Republic of China. The local states seem to\u00a0know how to adjust to the interests of the great powers and how to win\u00a0them against each other, though. In consequence, the region is dominated\u00a0by the authoritarian politics and patrimonial political culture. Still, the\u00a0transformative impulse may come from a surprising source. Technological<br \/>\nadvances in crude oil and natural gas extraction may make the region less\u00a0attractive for Western countries and condemn it to become a playground\u00a0between authoritarian powers. However, this should not mean that the rest\u00a0of the world should forget about it.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords<\/strong>: post-Soviet Central Asia, post-Soviet space, geopolitics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong>: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f\u00a0\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443. \u0421 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0440, \u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f\u00a0\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u00a0\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430: \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445\u00a0\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u00a0\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441-\u043a\u0432\u043e. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 25 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435-<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krzysztof Koz\u0142owski, <em>Stabilno\u015b\u0107 i zmiana w polityce pa\u0144stw poradzieckiej Azji Centralnej<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 155-170.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/07_Kozlowski_Stabilnosc-i-zmiana-w-polityce-panstw_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">07_Kozlowski_Stabilnosc i zmiana w polityce panstw_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Varia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Adam Drozdek (Duquesne University, Pittsburgh)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Apollos Baibakov and His Writings<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0441 \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong>: \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435,\u00a0\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443: \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00a0\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00a0\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<br \/>\n<strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>: \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438,\u00a0\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Apollo Bajbakow i jego pisma<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Streszczenie<\/strong>: Bajbakow by\u0142 biskupem Ko\u015bcio\u0142a prawos\u0142awnego w XVIII\u00a0wieku, rektorem szko\u0142y znanym przede wszystkim jako autor ksi\u0105\u017cki o poetyce,\u00a0kt\u00f3ra mia\u0142a dziesi\u0119\u0107 wyda\u0144. Jako pedagog pr\u00f3bowa\u0142 r\u00f3\u017cnych sposob\u00f3w\u00a0dotarcia tak do swoich uczni\u00f3w, jak i do szerszych kr\u0119g\u00f3w spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa:\u00a0poprzez literatur\u0119, kazania, komentarze biblijne i t\u0142umaczenia buduj\u0105cych\u00a0ksi\u0105\u017cek. Artyku\u0142 analizuje jego prace i odnosi si\u0119 do ich jako\u015bci i znaczenia.<br \/>\n<strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe<\/strong>: prawos\u0142awie, literatura, komentarze biblijne, fizykoteologia,\u00a0Apollo Bajbakow.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0Adam Drozdek, <em>Apollos Baibakov and His Writings<\/em>, \u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 171-198.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/08_Drozdek_Apollos-Baibakov-and-His-Writings_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">08_Drozdek_Apollos Baibakov and His Writings_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik-300x94.jpg 300w, http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Finalik.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/h1>\n<p>\u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u044e\u043d\u0433 (\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439: \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Formation of the Soviet System of Science Management:\u00a0Revolution or Evolution<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>: The article analyzes the process of forming a model of managing\u00a0scientific activity in the USSR. Considered the main events in this area\u00a0in the early period of the existence of the Soviet state. The author comes\u00a0to a conclusion about the direct influence of mobilization in the Russian\u00a0Empire during the First World War on the folding of this model.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords<\/strong>: history of science, management of science, USSR, October\u00a0Revolution, World War I.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tworzenie radzieckiego systemu zarz\u0105dzania nauk\u0105:\u00a0rewolucja czy ewolucja<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Streszczenie<\/strong>: W artykule przeanalizowano proces formowania modelu\u00a0zarz\u0105dzania dzia\u0142alno\u015bci\u0105 naukow\u0105 w ZSRR. Autor rozpatruje podstawowe\u00a0wydarzenia z tym zwi\u0105zane w pocz\u0105tkowym okresie istnienia pa\u0144stwa sowieckiego.\u00a0Dochodzi do wniosku, \u017ce na ukszta\u0142towanie si\u0119 tego modelu\u00a0bezpo\u015bredni wp\u0142yw mia\u0142a mobilizacja w Imperium Rosyjskim w czasie I wojny\u00a0\u015bwiatowej.<br \/>\n<strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe<\/strong>: historia nauki, zarz\u0105dzanie nauk\u0105, Rosja, ZSRR, rewolucja\u00a0pa\u017adziernikowa, I wojna \u015bwiatowa.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0\u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u044e\u043d\u0433, <em>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439: \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/em><strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>\u201eWschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny\u201d t. XIV (2017), \u2116 3, s. 199-208.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u015b\u0107 artyku\u0142u (Article \u2013 PDF):\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/wrh.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/09_Kung_\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf\">09_Kung_\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b_WRH_14_2017_3<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Strony tytu\u0142owe, redakcyjne i spis tresci Obszar poradziecki 25 lat po upadku ZSRR: polityka, ekonomia i bezpiecze\u0144stwo pod redakcj\u0105 Tomasza St\u0119pniewskiego Konrad \u015awider (Instytut Studi\u00f3w Politycznych, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa) Czynnik nomenklaturowy w dezintegracji Zwi\u0105zku Radzieckiego Nomenclature Factor in the Disintegration of the Soviet Union Summary: In December 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":22,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-765","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>T. 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